Urbanization enables economic growth but also harms the environment through degradation. Traditional methods of detecting environmental issues have proven inefficient. Machine learning has emerged as a promising tool for tracking environmental deterioration by identifying key predictive features. Recent research focused on developing a predictive model using pollutant levels and particulate matter as indicators of environmental state in order to outline challenges. Machine learning was employed to identify patterns linking areas with worse conditions. This research aims to assist governments in identifying intervention points, improving planning and conservation efforts, and ultimately contributing to sustainable development.

Decades ago, Japan faced an unavoidable, long-term economic challenge. Even as its economy reached record highs in the late 1980s (fueled by strong auto sales, the rise of innovative companies like Nintendo, and real estate speculation), it was preparing for the coming day when more than a quarter of its population would be over age 65. Today, Japan's median age is more than 10 years older (47) than that of the US (36). To offset the economic realities of a rapidly aging workforce, Japan made the decision to become a world leader in robotics. Advanced robotics in manufacturing, healthcare, consumer electronics, and soon personal services are now deeply entrenched in the Japanese economy, a movement created out of a need to maintain productivity and GDP growth.

Modern technology makes it possible to sequence individual cells and to identify which genes are currently being expressed in each cell. These methods are sensitive and consequently error prone. Devices, environment and biology itself can be responsible for failures and differences between measurements. Researchers at Helmholtz Zentrum München joined forces with colleagues from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and the British Wellcome Sanger Institute and have developed algorithms that make it possible to predict and correct such sources of error. The work was published in'Nature Methods' and'Nature Communications'.

The two outstanding figures in the history of computer science are Alan Turing and John von Neumann, and they shared the view that logic was the key to understanding and automating computation. In particular, it was Turing who gave us in the mid-1930s the fundamental analysis, and the logical definition, of the concept of'computability by machine' and who discovered the surprising and beautiful basic fact that there exist universal machines which by suitable programming can be made to t This essay is an expanded and revised version of one entitled The Role of Logic in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, which was completed in January 1992 (and was later published in the Proceedings of the Fifth Generation computer Systems 1992 Conference). Since completing that essay I have had the benefit of extremely helpful discussions on many of the details with Professor Donald Michie and Professor I. J. Good, both of whom knew Turing well during the war years at Bletchley Park. Professor J. A. N. Lee, whose knowledge of the literature and archives of the history of computing is encyclopedic, also provided additional information, some of which is still unpublished. Further light has very recently been shed on the von Neumann side of the story by Norman Macrae's excellent biography John von Neumann (Macrae 1992). Accordingly, it seemed appropriate to undertake a more complete and thorough version of the FGCS'92 essay, focussing somewhat more on the interesting historical and biographical issues. I am grateful to Donald Michie and Stephen Muggleton for inviting me to contribute such a'second edition' to the present volume, and I would also like to thank the Institute for New Computer Technology (ICOT) for kind permission to make use of the FGCS'92 essay in this way. 1 LOGIC, COMPUTERS, TURING, AND VON NEUMANN